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Saturday, 20 October 2012

Reflection



IT IS TIME TO MAKE A GREAT DECISION 

                                                                                                                                 IBIYEMI VICTOR
When we read the gospels, there are so many little touches included by the evangelists that reveal the humanity of Jesus.  For about three Sundays ago, we have been reflecting on Jesus as the Bread of Life. He gave himself expressing his maximum compassion for us. This Sunday teaches us to respond to that great compassion by making an ultimate decision to follow Jesus.  In the first reading, Joshua sets before the people of Israel the choice of the God to serve. He reminded them of the pagan gods of their ancestors and the defilement of those gods. The people of Israel unanimously affirm their intention not to desert the Lord their God thereby proclaiming Yahweh as their God. They reached this conclusion based on their re-enacted of the goodness of God; “we have no intention of deserting the Lord our God who brought us and our ancestors out of the Land of Egypt, the house of Slavery… (Joshua 24: 17). In the gospel reading likewise, after the concise exposition of the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist, the people could not understand the Eucharistic mystery therefore the left the Lord, however, the Apostles made their own decision relying on the goodness of the Lord: “too whom shall we go, you have the message of eternal life”. (John 6:68).  
Brethren, the palmist again says: “taste and see that the Lord is good” (Ps 33:8). Today, let us recount the goodness of God in our lives and make the decision of whom to follow for the rest of our life. Only Jesus has the message of eternal life. As he has generously nourished us with the food of eternal life let us generously accept him as our Lord and God, let us follow him closely by keeping his laws and commandments, for by this we will become partakers in the heavenly banquet on the last day.             

Youth and Church Development



YOUTH AND CHURCH DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Remember your God in the days of your youth (Ecclesiastes 12:1-8, 13)
Youths play vital roles in the life of the Church as they are the future of the church. Learning from the elderly stands out but youth’s contributions have been shinning and have always been flag bearers of particular Churches. For any tangible growth to take place in any Christian community, the youth must be significant in that process of growth. This is the more reason why wise nations, countries and organization focus more on the development of youths so that the future of such investments would never be improvised or blind. It is therefore an imperative for us in the Catholic Church to prepare assiduously youths for the tasks they would naturally face in the coming future. It is only when we have nourished our youths that they in-turn develop the Church. The questions are “what amount of attention do we give the youths and what is the level of devotion that the youths give to the church.”?      
THE YOUTHS IN SOCIETY: C.Y.O.N IN THE MAZE  
The youths of today have very high ideals, and to deny this would be grossly unfair. But we must admit that very often these ideals can sour, can be perverted, can be exploited. Often young people ultimately relinquish their ideals if they suspect that the situation is hopeless; if they conclude that nowhere can these ideals be fulfilled. Unfortunately, this is the usual progression of events today. Disappointments lead to abysmal falls, often to depths lower than those they condemned when their idealism was fresh. Where this does not happen, ideals are exploited by false prophets of good. Why is it that sectarians far from the fullness of truth are able to inspire youth to make such amazing sacrifices? Yet at the same time, the Orthodox Church, possessing the fullness of Truth, has a real difficulty in keeping her youth. Could part of the answer be that in ignoring the high ideals and potential moral heroism of our youth we have failed to familiarize them with our examples of such heroism, displayed by our own young, even the very young, who loved Christ and His Church in past ages?
The youths are important fabrics in the society. Can there be any society without youth?  Obviously no, then we must see to it that our youths find their rightful places in the church.

YOUTHS AND CHURCH DEVELOPMENT
Just as the youths are indispensible in the society, so they are in the church. The future of any Church can be characterized, pictured or deciphered by the quality of lives her youths are living. Thus we can say, “let us see the youths and we will see the future of the church”. As such, youths are centrally involved in the development of any particular Church and ipso facto the universal Church. There are some necessary departments that youths should venture if the Church would know any form of development.     
MAJOR ASPECTS THAT THE YOUTHS SHOULD VENTURE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHURCH
The Liturgy of the Church
The Liturgy of the church is the first area that we can truly see if there is any development in a congregation. The church is all about the liturgy and the liturgy is the church (SC, no 10), when the worship of any church is porous and bitter, then the youths are dead and in active. On the other hand, if the liturgy is interesting and lively then the youths are alive and active. Thus, youths must take it upon themselves to see to the growth of the liturgy in the parishes and centers. They must understand the liturgy in the light of the Church’s teaching and live it in their own cultural manifestations and experiences. Youths must join liturgical groups such as the Choir, Altar servers association, Church Wardens, Lectors. E.t.c    
The Spirituality of the Church
In the development of the Church, the spiritual life of the community can never be compromised. Spirituality is what makes a church- a gathering of the people of God. Hence, youths must boost the spirituality of the church in ways that would bring rapid growth and spiritual transformation to the parish. First, youths must join pious societies and groups like Charismatic, Legion of Mary, Pages of the Blessed Sacrament, Blue Army, Sacred Heart of Jesus Association and the likes. The youths of the parish must also be devoted by attendance to Church activities starting from Mass, prayers meeting, vigils, adoration, e.t.c.  
Evangelization
Another important aspect the youths can develop the church is in the mandate given to all Christians by Christ himself (Matt. 28:19). Evangelization is at the heart of the church. Can there be a church that does not preach? The meaning of a church depicts a voice to the world. Youths must not leave the work of evangelization to older members of the Church. In fact, it is the prerogative of the CYON to reach out to the world in the form or manner the Church has designed for her ministrations. The vitality and youthful strength is meant to teach Christ vehemently as St Paul and other scriptural figures did.     
Organization of the Church
Organizations of events and celebrations in the church must be the function of the CYON. Youths must come up with new and novel ideas for different programs that the church may want to embark on. The youths must make contemporary decisions to move forward the Church in terms of hosting and organizing programs that can move the Church to greater heights.  
Church Labour
In every church, there is need for cleaning and clearing, that is, doing manual labours. It is the legitimate duty of youths to clean the church and make the place of God an adorable place of worship. Youths should wear the example from Solomon, the son of David that built the Temple of the Lord in Jerusalem. Any work around the Church must therefore be the function of the young people of the Christian community. And this they must do joyfully and happily- devoting their youthful life to God and to his works. It is said: Ora et Labora, to work is to pray.  
Helping Each Other: Living in Unity 
Furthermore, Youths are bound to help each other in the parish; because in helping each other, the move for the advancement of the Church. We are not equal, we can never be equal, and some will have more than the other. They must be bound in unity. Psalm 133.
THE CHURCH AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT: A MOTHERLY RESPONSIBILITY
The relationship between the Church and youths is a symbiotic reciprocity. The Church is a mother to the youths while youths are children of a loving mother. Just as the youths have responsibility towards the mother (the Church), the Church also has responsibility towards the development of her youths. In addition to the role of our youth, and their own relationship to the Church, we must of necessity examine the role of parents and family as partners and helpers in the formulation of that relationship. We will just mention a few.
Training, Teaching and Guiding the Youth
The Church has the chief assignment of training, teaching and guiding the youths. Parents and members of the Church must school the youths or they will depart from the truth. The words in proverbs tell us that “train your child in the way of the Lord so that he will not depart from it”. Most of the causalities we suffer concerning the lost of our youths are based on the truism that they were never trained conscientiously and diligently in the Catholic doctrine by their parents.
Supporting the Youth
The Church must support her youths. It is a must not a choice, why? The Youths can never stand alone without elderly support. In guiding the young minds, parents, teachers and pastors must support their children. This support may come financially, materially, morally, spiritually, socially and the likes. The Church must come to their rescue in times of difficulties.
Organizing progressive Progams for the Youth
The elderly in the church must take it upon themselves to organize progressive activities to educate and occupy the youngsters. Progressive, fruitful programs such as: lectures, career talks, health lectures, moral-teaching films and plays, vocational studies and sharing. Fora were experiences could be shared on family life, marriage life, professional and vocational life e.t.c.     
CONCLUSION
How can the young remain sinless?. We youths must be close to the Church because we are at the centre and heart of the Church. We must learn all the things we can learn when we can learn them. We must also utilize the opportunity of having priests, seminarians, catechists in our midst to better enhance ourselves in the Catholic faith and teachings. We are the future of the Catholic Church, the future of tomorrow, the future of our nation, how do you want this nation to look like in the nearest future? We must remain steadfast in faith and Love. Youths listen to God, you are the leaders of tomorrow, try and read your bibles and be of good reputation.   

The Spirituality of Lay People:A Spiritulaity rooted in Prayer



THE SPIRITUALITY OF LAY PEOPLE, A SPIRITUALITY ROOTED IN PRAYER
IBIYEMI VICTOR
INTRODUCTION
 Yves Congar in 1959 began a long and careful work on the laity with the observation that the word laikos where “lay” is derived is not found anywhere in the Bible. In the New Testament, the noun Laos is however used frequently and often carries the meaning people. However, another sense of the term laity emerges in parallel fashion, used in contrast to priests, Levites and prophets. The laity therefore is that part of the church subject to the leadership and control of the church’s hierarchy. (Edward Schillebeeckx, the Layman in the Church (New York: St Paul Publications, 1963), pp. 35-36). In modern dispensation with the events of the Vatican II Council, there are new dimensions to understanding the term “laity” most especially as not just subjects of clericalism but also as helpers in the kingdom of God. Hence, as recently as thirty years ago, C.A Bouman answers negatively to this question: Is there a “Lay Spirituality”? He answers in such fashion because of the understanding that the lay must emulate the religious life especially in spirituality. The entire structure here is that the religious life is superior and that living in the world is detrimental to spirituality. Nevertheless, there must be “a spirituality” for the laity which helps them to ascend to God even in their own state of life.       
CATHOLIC SPIRITUALITY
Catholic spirituality is the Spiritual practice of living out a personal act of faith (fides qua creditor) following the acceptance of faith (fides quae creditor). Although all Catholics are expected to pray together at Mass, there are many different forms of spirituality and private prayers which have developed over the centuries.  These different forms of spiritualities are unique because they are ways of approaching God in prayer and living out the gospel.   
LAY SPIRITUALITY ROOTED IN CHRIST THROUGH THE HOLY SPIRIT
You, therefore, must be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect (Matthew 5: 48)
The life of intimate union with Christ in the Church is maintained by the spiritual helps common to all the faithful, chiefly by active participation in the liturgy. Laymen should make such a use of these helps that, while meeting their human obligations in the ordinary conditions of life, they do not separate their union with Christ from their ordinary life: but through the very performance of their tasks, which are God’s will for them, actually promote the growth of their union with him (Decree on the Apostolate of Lay people, Apostolicam Actuositatem, Ch. 14)
In a general audience of Pope John Paul in December 1, 1993, the pope opines that the specific role of lay people in the Church requires them to have a deep spiritual life. This is based on the assumption that every baptized person is called to holiness (I Peter 1:16). The way this call is put into practice varies according to different factors. All Christian spirituality must be based on what Jesus said about the need for vital union with him: “Remain in me… whoever remains in me and I in him will bear much fruit” (Jn. 15:4-5). Christ is the foundation for any spirituality. Hence, the lay spirituality is built on Christ who is the solid rock and who is the living water given to us all to drink (I Cor.12:13).     
The Holy Spirit is the life force of every Christian. The union with Christ is a gift of the Holy Spirit, who instills it in our soul. Without the Holy Spirit, no one would recognize Jesus as the Son of God. It means therefore that, the lay spirituality rests on a devout attentiveness to the dictates of the Holy Spirit. There must be a strong bon and connection between faithful and the Holy Spirit, without that nexus with the Spirit of God, there can be no Spirituality.  Since it is the gift of the Holy Spirit, union with Christ must be asked for in prayer. Doubtless, when work is performed according to God’s will, something pleasing to the Lord of being done, and this is a form of prayer.   
LAY SPIRITUALITY DRAWN ESSENTIALLY FROM THE LITURGY
Nevertheless, the liturgy is the summit toward which the activity of the church is directed; at the same time it is the font from which all her power flows… the liturgy in turn moves the faithful, filled with “the paschal sacraments” to be one in holiness. (Sacrosanctum Concilium no. 10)
The prayer life of every member of the faithful, including the laity, must involve participation in the liturgy, recourse to the sacrament of Reconciliation and above all the celebration of the Eucharist. Sacramental communion with Christ is the source of that kind of mutual immanence between the soul and Christ which himself proclaimed: “whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me and I in him” (Jn. 6:56). The Eucharist banquet guarantees the spiritual nourishment that makes it possible to produce abundant fruit. Sacramental participation in Sunday Mass should be the source of both their spiritual life and their apostolate. Blessed are they who, in addition to Sunday Mass and communion, feel attracted and encouraged to receive communion more frequently, as many saints recommended, especially in recent times with ever greater development of the apostolate of the laity.    


THE SPIRITUALITY AND APOSTOLATE OF THE LAITY IN OUR MODERN WORLD
The Decree on the Apostolate of Lay People, Apostolicam Actuositatem proclaimed by his holiness, Pope Paul VI on November 18, 1965 argues that the main apostolate of the laity is pictured in the framework of the commission given to the church by Christ. The church’s mission is concerned with the salvation of men; and men win salvation through the grace of Christ and faith in him. The apostolate of the Church therefore, and of each of its members, aims primarily at announcing to the world by the word and action the message of Christ and communicating to the world the grace of Christ. The council earnestly exhorts the laity to take a more active part, each according to his talents and knowledge and in fidelity to the mind of the church, in the explanation and defense of Christian principles and in the correct application of them to the problems of our times. (Apostolicam Actuositatem, no.6) n c. In the third chapter of Apostolicam Actuositatem, the various fields of the apostolate are identified. Majorly, the laity must effectively manifest its presence in the church communities engaging itself zealously in the apostolic works of the community. Also, the family, the mission of being the primary vital cell of the society has been given to the family by God himself. This mission will be accomplished if the family, by the mutual affection of its members and by family prayer, presents itself as a domestic sanctuary of the church; if the whole family takes its part in the church’s liturgical worship and finally, if it offers active hospitality and practices justice and other good works for the benefit of all its brothers suffering from want.          
A SPIRITUALITY ROOTED IN PRAYER 
Spirituality and prayer are not separable. An individual transcends the empirical and material world into the divine realm through prayer. Hence, a spiritual soul meets God only in the act of prayer conversing with the divine master. Therefore, all genuine spiritualities are imbued and embedded in prayer, since; prayer is the raising and lifting of our minds to God. The lay spirituality is not an exception. As Apostle Paul has urged, the tempo that regulates our prayer life should be ceaseless. Pray in and out of season (Eph. 6:18). The lay faithful are enjoined to pray at all times. Without prayer, an individual is cut off from the graces and providence of the creator. A Christian that never prays can never follow the master, who is the teacher of prayer. (Matt. 6:9ff).          
Prayer is the master key that opens all doors. Only a constant Christian gets the prize of victory won. Catherine McAuley says: “the time given to prayer… we must consider as employed to obtain grace, strength and animation n without which all our efforts would be fruitless”…
SPIRITUALITY AND THE EARTHLY EVENTS OF LIFE
Neither family concerns nor others secular affairs should be irrelevant  to their spiritual life, in keeping with the words of the Apostle “whatever you do in word or work, so all in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, giving thanks to God the Father through him” (Col 3:17). In the midst of life’s activities, the lay faithful are called to live out their own unique spirituality. In fact, the laity better preaches the message of Christ to the society; they become altars where the love of God is manifested and made known. They disseminate and diffuse this love rapidly and practically. It is therefore, a prerogative that the faithful must take it upon themselves to communicate Christ in all the things they do.    
A SPIRITUALITY BASED ON FAITH
…but my righteous one will live by faith (Heb. 10:38)
It is good to also remark that the spirituality of the laity is based on faith. The laity life calls for a continuous exercise of faith, hope and charity. Only the light of faith and meditation on the Word of God can enable us to find everywhere and always the God “in whom we live and exist” (Acts 17:28); only thus can we seek his will in everything, see Christ in all men, acquaintance or stranger, make sound judgments on the true meaning and value of temporal realities both in themselves and in the relation to man’s end.  (Apostolicam Actuositatem, no.4).

CONCLUSION
This lay spirituality will take its particular character from the circumstances of one’s state in life (married and family life, celibacy, widowhood), from one’s state of health and from one’s professional and social activities. (Apostolicam Actuositatem, no.4).



THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH TOWARDS YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
IBIYEMI VICTOR
INTRODUCTION
Rev. Fr. Rodion Laskowski in his article, “Youth and the Church” says that the question of how to keep our young people close to the Church is one of the major concerns in our troubled age. To remain indifferent to this problem can only be regarded as a grave sin and an indication of soul-destroying self-love. Lately too, I have been spending a lot of time thinking about our modern world, the future of leadership, the future of the economy and so many other things you can imagine of the future. I have come to discover that the future of leadership and the future of the world rests in the hands of the youth, it is only logical that the church must place particular emphasis on youth development, if the church refuses to take this as a primary focus, then the future of our community is bleak. It is therefore a prerogative and an imperative that something must be done to keep the youths going. Even the church as described in Lumen Gentium, is kept in the freshness of youth through the gospel.[1]
C.Y.O.N: AN INDISPENSIBLE ORGANISM IN THE CHURCH
The youth of today have very high ideals, and to deny this would be grossly unfair. But we must admit that very often these ideals can sour, can be perverted, and can be exploited. Often young people ultimately relinquish their ideals if they suspect that the situation is hopeless; if they conclude that nowhere can these ideals be fulfilled. Where this does happen, ideals are exploited by false prophets. The C.Y.O.N is a peculiar group in the church. There is no future for the church without the youths. It is therefore an indispensible organism in ecclesiastical jurisdiction. It is of paramount need that youths must seek the way to develop, the way to move on in this complex confused world that brings the tiding of disorganized personalities and unidentified identities. If youths are therefore asking for the way to progress, it should be a thing of pride to answer because it casts light on our shadowed futures. It is with great happiness, if they are even asking for Church’s contribution to their growth. This forum therefore is highly appreciated, imagine if not for this program, what would you have been doing at home. Playing Ludos, watching films or walking without focus. Thus, Father appreciates the organizers of this program more at this time of the year.
Furthermore, it is good to note that there are branches of the CYON. They include
Young catholic students – national federation of catholic students and National Association of Catholic Coppers
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN WHAT SENSE?
Let us take the definition of Dr. Pittman, Youth development could be conceived as: 
the ongoing growth process in which all youth are engaged in attempting to 1) meet their basic, personal and social need to be safe, feel cared for, be valued, be useful and be spiritually grounded, and 2) to build skills and competencies that allow then to function and contribute in their daily lives.[2]
This definition accurately describes youth development as a process that all young people go through on the way to adulthood. As the definition implies,it is a process or journey that automatically involves all of the people around -the family, church and community. A young person will not be able to build essential skills and competencies and be able to feel safe; cared for, valued, useful, and spiritually grounded unless their family and community provide them with the support and opportunities they need along the way.  Youth development then is a collaborative combination of all people, places, supports, opportunities and services that most of us inherently understand that young people need to be happy, healthy and successful.
There are many sides to the development of youth but as it concerns the Church,we shall limit our discussion in this paper to only two areas. In this paper therefore, youth development would be discussed in two folds, namely; physical and spiritual developments. 
THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH TOWARDS YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
1.      SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
Only the church serves the purpose of the spiritually upbringing of the society, especially youths and children. This spiritual development is the first role that the church plays in the development of individuals. Youths too, like every other individual in the church, are nurtured spiritually in the word and sacraments.  Let us see the role of the church in your spiritual development.
Catechesis: According to the Apostolic Exhortation of the Late Roman Pontiff, Blessed John Paul II in Catechesi Tradendae, the Church must take to heart the catechesis of her people especially the youth. “Although the young may enjoy the support of the members of their family and their friends, they have to rely on themselves and their own conscience and must frequently and decisively assume responsibility for their destiny.”[3]Another exhortation speaks directly to parish priests in these words:
For your part, priests, here you have a field in which you are the immediate assistants of your bishops the council has called you instructors in the faith. There is no better way for you to be such instructors than by devoting your best effort to the growth of your communities in the faith. Whether you are in charge of a parish or are chaplains to primary or secondary schools or universities, or have responsibilities for pastoral activities at any level or are leaders of large or small communities especially youth groups, the church expects you to neglect nothing to a view to a well-organized and well oriented catechetical effort.[4]
It is therefore the duty of the Church to train youths in catechesis and their catechesis must be enduring and detailed. Catechesis must not end with the reception of first Holy Communion or Confirmation. It must be a lasting systematic representation of the Christian message and the Catholic Faith. 
Bible Study: Bible study is another forum where the Church develops her youths spiritually. Since faith is nurtured in the word of God which is Jesus himself[5], it is only appropriate that youths should be further grounded in the Word of God through bible studies and scriptural assignments.
Youth fellowship: The Church can further play the role of strengthening the ties between her young ones through fellowship and spiritual gatherings. Fellowships of this kind will help them develop human relationship cum a formative spirit built on God.  
Sacramental Life of Youths: The Church also has the responsibility of edging the sacramental life of the youths. Many youths these days bask in the euphoria of sacramental deprivation. They become so joyful when they are sacramentally dehydrated. Some take that bold and fierce verdict not to receive just because they are not in the mood. It is the role of the Church to take the youths to an apogee of sacramental affection.
Prayer: A Church that will not teach her youths to pray is heading for extinction and desertion. The church plays another role for the development of youth spiritually by teaching them how to pray.
2.      PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
The Church is not just to play only spiritual roles for the development of her youths. The church also can minister in regard to physical and material growths of the youths. Integral salvation which is the theme of Liberation Theology requires that the whole of man be saved. Man is a composite being of both spirit and body. Hence, as the soul is being saved the body also should be saved or else the whole message of salvation might be distorted. We shall see again some roles the church should play as regard the physical needs for development.
Organizing Formative and Motivating Lectures/Education of the Youth
The education of youths is another role that the church plays in developing the young. Education in this light is different from catechesis which is education on faith. This type of education is education on the realities that are around them. On this note therefore, the parish should organize motivational lectures, medical tips and career talks for her youth. For instance, lectures on entrepreneurship, on self-reliance, on management of funds and incomes. The church can do this by inviting professionals in these aspects to educate her youth so as to get informed thereby helping them achieve great things. Another Vatican II document has commented on this area that “above all, the education of youth from every social background has to be undertaken, so that there can be produced not only men and women of refined talents but those great souled persons who are so desperately required by our times.”[6]Furthermore, great care must be taken about civic and political formation, which is of utmost necessity today for the population as a whole, and especially for youth, so that all citizens can play their part in the life of the political community.[7]
The Church and Career Development/Vocation
Sequel to the above is the dare need for the church to intervene in the choice of career of her young ones. In this pericope, the church acts as a counselor. Most youth are jumbled, joggled and confused when they approach that pinnacle of their choice of vocation; vocation as regards the profession and vocation as regards their marital status (Marriage or Celibacy). When the wrong step is taken, then development is frustrated and that individual faces hoodlums of conundrums. Again, on this platform, the priest or the church acts as guide to making right choices in life.
Employment of Youths
The church could also assist youths in their search for employment. The parish can either employ them if they have vacancies for work or individuals in the parish may have connections and vacancies in their offices or working places. The church must work as a family ensuring the improvement and development of one another.
Monitoring the youths
Finally, as mother, the church also does the role of monitoring. A mother monitors her children even after she has weaned them. So also is the church. This role of monitoring is like a follow up tactic. It is mainly to check the successes and failures of youth. Monitoring is essentially needed in development, without it the processes of development is not consummated. Again, it is a mode of feedback. The church monitors with her members, with other youths and gets reports on the growth of youths.
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, a holistic transformation is the summation of what is need to transform and spurred the development of youths. The development must be both spiritual and physical. It must be intrinsic and extrinsic. It must be indeed a sacramental development (an outward sign of an inward growth). Youth must also be aware that all their problems cannot be solved by their Parish priests and church members.
Dr. Harris sums up the church’s role in the development of youth as he says I believe that we have to be Christ to them in healing their diseases and feeding them and all that comes with holistic renewal but we must also help them understand the new way of seeing the world and their trials and tribulations.


[1] Dogmatic Constitution on the Church,  Lumen Gentium, no 16
[2] Dr. Pittman, The Development of Youths, 1993, p. 8
[3] Apostolic Exhortation Catechesi Tradendae, no 39
[4] Catechesi Tradendae , no 64
[5] The Emmaus Encounter (Luke:
[6] Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, Gadium et Spes, no 31
[7] Pastoral Constitution, no 75